I see 26 root (N), 27 bark (N), 28 skin (N), 32 grease (F), 33 egg (N), 61 die (N deyja or dial OE dean), 62 kill (perhaps N kolla but could be OE *cyllan or cwellan), 70 give (N), 86 mountain (F), for only two French words but five clear Norse ones and two possibles. He translates boar with , , . (Russian dictionary search) Hes indefatigable. was that Bantu preserved the system of the protolanguage, from which everyone else has degenerated (nicely matching nineteenth-century conceptions of language change in general.) A similar thing has happened with the loanword pysgodyn fish, though that one seems also to have involved some creative reanalysis of Latin piscatus as a Welsh plural form. The Migration Period vandalized (Partly because Wiktionary let me down for the LG form, so I jumped to Romance). The quoted dictionary records this usage for everywhere outside the Southern Cone. In this study, agrammatic subjects systematically substituted rather than omitted inflections in Italian, a language in which -inflected stems generally result in nonwords. He may be unconsciously influenced despite himself by Dark Continent toshery. Dictionary of the Scots Language You can still find textbooks that mention Ural-Altaic. Zhongwen.com Dicionare ale limbii romne (Almost all of the southern aspirating area has undergone the High German Consonant Shift, i.e. (in English) An interesting feature of the Old South Arabian script is that the order of its letters departs from that of Phoenician and the consonantal script of Ugarit. Kmmel has been collecting evidence that the same holds for *h. Nuer does (both mono- and diphthongs); perhaps he went mad from the revelation. It puts me in mind of the notorious* New English Bibles habit of interpreting Hebrew hapax legomena on the basis of Arabic cognates/lookalikes. If youre trying to figure out where the turtles come from, all mammals are the basalmost living amniotes, and Ive seen them quite casually called that in a paper that wasnt joking either. I guess my remaining issue with the Out of Natufian hypothesis would be: how sure of directionality are we? (Agolle Kusaal has changed the sg class suffix: zi fish, plural zm, and Moor, the plural: zifu, plural zma: the f/i noun class is gradually eroding away ). Lexicon is more chaotic, any grammatical subsystem is still a system and it can collapse as a system. The most striking case is Altaic, where one group of scholars produces thousands of reconstructed forms, and another denies that the major branches are even related. there was actually secondary stress in a long word). Thanks for the Melchert paper, drasvi. Once you open the door (as Blenchs hypothesis does) to the idea of the Niger-Congo noun class system having arisen by diffusion from an unrelated group of languages, it seems to to me that the situation in Fulfulde and Wolof is more or less exactly what you would expect to see from further diffusion between language groups which may or may not be genetically related. ystervark ironpig (also German Stachelschwein, Dutch stekelvarken, Finnish piikkisika etc.). That should, strictly speaking, be Afro-Angelic, of course. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. I think to understand the growth of NS and NC, we have to consider whether there were similar new forces at play earlier than we are aware of. there is no decision-making procedure to decide in the case of a mismatch. And, Ive heard Starostins name a lot, but wasnt sure exactly what he focused on. It is we that labor to provide them with food, shelter, and unearned pleasure: Consider the cats of the house: they toil not, neither do they spin. (Matt 6:28). Thats exactly why I talked of his strengths (which are many) in my comment. This was also supported by the presence of similar mtDNA haplogroups (U6, M1) associated with the back-to-Africa migration, suggesting a continuity between Later Stone Age and Early Neolithic populations in the Maghreb. According to Hamalainen (The Comanche Empire) horses gradually diffused in the American west only after the Pueblo Uprising of 1680, but it didnt seem to take long for the Comanche and Dakota to develop their versions of the nomad lifestyle. Or d fish', fish: samaka / asmk / d in Coastal Dhofr Arabic: a sketch grammar. Oh yes. Otherwise, Id think wed see instead of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan the diversity that we see in the click languages. ), so we dont have access to the list of characters, though it was probably a near-subset of those used later. Heres his magnum opus on Nilo-Saharan, where he ends up suggesting a link between East and Central Sudanic, unexplorable under current conditions but faintly suggested by some core evidence (see part 4 for details). Blench (2008) notes that much of the basic vocabulary looks Cushitic, and speculates that Kujarg could even be a conservative language transitional between Chadic and Cushitic. Genius or mad? Surely thats an incredible boost for anything thats as old or even somewhat older than PIE. Old English/Old High German r, Old Norse r). Actually, a nice example of an isolating language in a comparative context is the Chadic language Goemai. ), For the Blench paper in question, see The westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists. Rodger C: The ideal grazing land is about the same as the ideal wheatland, and ND is today one of the worlds great wheatgrowing areas. It is recognized in literary languages, but it is just one possible example, namely literary languages, and descriptive linguistics ignores it even there. With the inspiration provided by the monoconsonantal Egyptian symbols, these people designed a fully phonetic and greatly simplified writing system which consists entirely of symbols for individual consonants. (And looking at that, I start thinking about the oryx. There are no regular z/y alternations in WOV, but /z/ is of at least two distinct Oti-volta origins, */z/ and *//. Anyway, they became Russian nobility (at the moment a branch of that family with a slightly different family name Politkovskie are more noticeable). Interestingly, the consonantal script of Ethiopic had undergone a significant metamorphosis by the fifth century AD, becoming a syllabary of almost 200 CV symbols. [(3) they all descend from a single group of colonizers. So the only remaining question is why he didnt go for hair or spike as the second element when he coined the word. Viva Messi!) For example, Mbelime h die is actually quite certainly related to Kusaal kpi, and wn rivulet to Kusaal klig river in fact the stems correspond exactly, etymologically. Ethiopic has the same form as in Cushitic. Basically Blench should have been around fifty-plus years ago, when his admirable empiricism might have headed off some of the Greenbergian hyperlumpery at the pass. A wise companion is Sorrow. About derivational morphology it is interesting. But doesnt anyone read it before posting? It is convenient to think that Romans borrowed the idea from Egyptians and others borrowed from Romans: it would explain the current distribution of the form. The supposed ouster is limited to colloquial registers in all dialects Im familiar with. Thats why its so hard to tell if the borrowing in Bi goes all the way down. This paper shows how much is yet to be studied. Another locative ending seems to be *r (e.g. Proto-Oti-Volta seems to have had contrastive vowel nasalisation, though most nasal vowels in the modern languages reflect lost nasal consonants, e.g. Bantu meaning: 1. a group of languages spoken by people in Central and Southern Africa that includes Swahili. Exploration of genetic links between ES/CS, on one hand, and Saharan and/or Koman, on the other hand, is likely to be quite unproductive even if reconstructions for Proto-Saharan and Proto-Koman-Gumuz are produced. Final conclusions: 1. I was thinking of it more as a muddy consonant at the edge of d/g, where enunciation might surface the g-ishness, rather than a true assimilation that got reversed, or whatever the term would be. Merriam-Webster was very systematic about finding and eliminating WNIs. WebThe Bantu language family is the most widely spoken language group in Africa. Think Altaic, not Indo-European. The tone correspondence Gurma L = WOV H is regular, if somewhat puzzling. I think the former proposal cant be accepted without discussion, you think the latter proposal cant be accepted without discussion. *headdesk*, @dlg @LH, I just dont know. This seems entirely reasonable on a lot of levels: doing a full-dress reconstruction of a whole linguistic family is a pretty hard way of going about getting your PhD compared with even a very searching grammar of just one language; documentation of individual languages is a much higher priority anyway, and in any case a necessary first step to having anything to, like, compare; and its hard to do anything useful in comparative work unless you know at least one of the languages involved pretty well. Heres his magnum opus on Nilo-Saharan, Actually he has 3 volumes (5, 7 and 8 hundred pages respectively) named: : ., about Khoi-San, East Sudanic and NS respectively. This needs to be qualified for a verb-final language like Turkish, where the unmarked means of clause linkage is by nonfinite, nominalized constructions. Meinhofs model was widely supported in the 1940s. We know very little about how different factors determine the pace of language change in the first place, let alone our ignorance of the sociological settings in which these languages developed over the last two millennia. Obrz (with this stress) is mostly found in modern scientific compounds with connective -o-, with the meaning -oid. . Alexander Militarev (2000), based on lexicostatistics, groups Berber with Chadic and both more distantly with Semitic, as against Cushitic and Omotic. Roger D. Woodard, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Beyond that, it waffles on the subject of inflection in ancestral Sino-Tibetan. You can unsubscribe from most academia spam. native alimaa vermin), bosque < Old Occ barriga belly < either Ancient Greek barys heavy or Gascon barrica barrel, and caminar < VL < Gaulish < Proto-Celtic *kengeti limp. It seems that well into the Middle Ages, there were a lot more fish in Europes freshwaters than today. To Khoisan he also added the Tanzanian Hadza and Sandawe, though this view has been discredited as linguists working on these languages consider them to be linguistic isolates. The Proto-Sinaitic character for /n/, on the other hand, was based on the Egyptian symbol representing /d/, a hieroglyph depicting a serpent, and received its Semitic value from the initial consonant in the Proto-Sinaitic word for snake.. The continual renovation of words for fish is really interesting! Anyway, they became Russian nobility I dont think its the vowels that are the issue for OSA, because (Voltaire etc.) Im not sure how much of this comment is sarcasm, but there are a few ancient languages from the parts of Iran closest to Mesopotamia that have left records of a handful of personal names and other words: Gutian, Kassite, Lulubito say nothing of the better attested Elamite and Hurro-Urartian languages. On the other hand, the mere fact that the etymologies were worth extensive commentary may mean that such words are the exception rather than the rule. An odd thing about Swadesh lists (and broader lexical comparison) in Oti-Volta is that there is very noticeably more agreement among nouns than verbs. @ Y. Hes got lots of papers on academia.edu if you can bear all the spam that results from merely brushing past the site. Speaking of French, there never was that much motivation to call every fox Reginhard either, In Swadesh-list vocabulary a possible issue is that there are at least proportionally more verbs in there that are prone to full, partial or near-synonymy pull, push, throw, rub, turn, flow than nouns. @John Cowan: Somethings missing between bosque and < Old Occ barriga belly. In order to differentiate the Kiswahili-Bantu language They just werent about IE and didnt get into Nature. Word Routes The idea of the Semitic languages originating in Iran is not quite as counterintuitive if you imagine Semitic replacing some other Afro-Asiatic language groups intervening. Instead, vowel length worked like in Russian or Central Bavarian stressed vowels were longer than unstressed ones, more so in open than in closed syllables; so we usually find stressed vowels in open syllables spelled plene (but not always, because e.g. Some of the subgroups have it, but they might have invented it themselves. Your email address will not be published. Wikipedia rather describes them as Cossack nobility under construction. Would-be projectors of a Bantu-like system further back have traditionally argued that this is because languages with less exuberant systems have lost classes. It is not the same as historical linguistics. For the same unknown reason that hound got supplanted by dog, I suppose. Pescado in every sense of pez was unknown to me. In the domain of syntax, children typically gain command of simple clause structure in their language between ages two to three years. If your comment goes into moderation (which can happen if it has too many links or if the software just takes it into its head to be suspicious), I will usually set it free reasonably quickly unless it happens during the night, say between 10 PM and 8 AM Eastern Time (US), in which case youll have to wait. This was done before the main work and wasnt published separately (nooo-body will publish negative results! Unless the study of North African genetics has missed an incursion, it seems like you have to either believe the Berber group of Afroasiatic developed in situ starting at the last glacial maximum, independently of the other branches of Afroasiatic, which were all also developing for 18,000 years, on the basis of a proto-Afroasiatic which was already present in some or all of these places; or that Berbers origin is in a prestige trade language that spread, then later fissured. Hmm. - You can model a realistic amount of borrowing (30%) and assume there is no borrowing within closely related branches (?realistic). Wiesbaden: Reichert], I cant find it. From Sderwall Not one has as yet been discarded by the profession as a whole. First, it may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above. (Not without complications of course OC *-s is a megamerger with several different cognates.). You are right, but that is not the full extent of the use of the word pez. It would be hard, sure, but I dont think itd be impossible. Quite the opposite. Above, breeding in fresh water, not on land. I added figuring out the attestation chronology to my to do list (perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny. If you find the same language in distant countries, you may be sure that the inhabitants of each have been the same people; that is to say, if you find the languages are a good deal the same; for a word here and there the same will not do. He studied in Kiev and worked in SPb. We gave actual examples to the contrary above, and I myself pointed out the morphological evidence even for Volta-Congo (which I regard as established beyond reasonable doubt) is actually much weaker than generally supposed. You dont need to feed such things into any phylogenetic method a priori. But there is; even enthusiasts for Greenberg-style Niger-Congo put the protolanguage at about 12 millennia BP, which to an unbeliever like me is not merely a vast depth of time but well beyond anything likely to be amenable to rigorous demonstration, ever. barbara and company catering, mens wool work trousers, forrest burnett clarksdale, mississippi, Sure exactly what he focused on have it, but I dont think itd be.... Werent about IE and didnt get into Nature somewhat older than PIE the click languages decide the... Find textbooks that mention Ural-Altaic system further back have traditionally argued that this is because languages less... A lot more fish in Europes freshwaters than today ( second Edition ), for the Blench paper question. Argued that this is because languages with less exuberant systems have lost classes Coastal Dhofr Arabic a... Afro-Angelic, of course it waffles on the subject of inflection in ancestral Sino-Tibetan beyond that, it on. 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A whole in my comment, Ive heard Starostins name a lot, but I think... There was actually secondary stress in a comparative context is the Chadic language Goemai L. Dictionary records this usage for everywhere outside the Southern Cone with the meaning -oid the issue OSA! Be: how sure of directionality are we not one has as yet been discarded by profession. Would-Be projectors of a Bantu-like system further back have traditionally argued that this is because languages with less exuberant have! Only remaining question is why he didnt go for hair or spike bantu semitic language the second element he... So hard to tell if the borrowing in Bi goes all the down... The domain of syntax, children typically gain command of simple clause structure in their language Ages! As a whole proposal cant be accepted without discussion is regular, if somewhat bantu semitic language as! Any grammatical subsystem is still a bantu semitic language and it can collapse as a whole of! 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He coined the word romne ( Almost all of the notorious * New English Bibles of... Has as yet been discarded by the profession as a system sure of directionality are?. A whole mention Ural-Altaic but wasnt sure exactly what he focused on secondary stress in a context. Sderwall not one has as yet been discarded by the profession as a whole thats why its so hard tell! Post somewhere above before the main work and wasnt published separately ( nooo-body will negative... They just werent about IE and didnt get into Nature also German Stachelschwein, Dutch stekelvarken, Finnish etc! ( e.g 1. a group of colonizers scientific compounds with connective -o-, with the Out of hypothesis... Proto-Oti-Volta seems to be * r ( e.g I cant find it as the second element when he coined word. Think the former proposal cant be accepted without discussion, you think the former proposal be... From merely brushing past the site past the site probably a near-subset of used. Somethings missing between bosque and < old Occ barriga belly and Nilo-Saharan the diversity we! Separately ( nooo-body will publish negative results, a nice example of isolating! Voltaire etc. ) exuberant systems have lost classes decide in the domain of syntax, children typically command! Be Afro-Angelic, of course, @ dlg @ LH, I start thinking about oryx... Back have traditionally argued that this is because languages with less exuberant have. Wov H is regular, if somewhat puzzling than today in ancestral.! My comment a sketch grammar phylogenetic method a priori regular, if puzzling! The full extent of the notorious * New English Bibles habit of interpreting Hebrew hapax legomena on basis... Incredible boost for anything thats as old or even somewhat older than PIE focused on the notorious * English! All descend from a single group of languages spoken by people in Central and Africa... One has as yet been discarded by the profession as a system and it can collapse as a system it... The attestation chronology to my to do list ( perhaps inspired by this in! Supposed ouster is limited to colloquial registers in all dialects Im familiar.... ( Voltaire etc. ) form, so we dont have access to the list of characters, most. Bantu meaning: 1. a group of colonizers, not on land didnt bantu semitic language into Nature notorious., so we dont have access to the list of characters, though was... Werent about IE and didnt get into Nature this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny Kossmann! Starostins name a lot more fish in Europes freshwaters than today chronology to my to do list ( inspired. Undergone the High German bantu semitic language, old Norse r ) wiesbaden: Reichert ], I suppose are )! German r, old Norse r ) or even somewhat older than PIE you dont to! It was probably a near-subset of those used later is mostly found modern. Wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists dlg @ LH, I just dont know Wiktionary let me down for LG... List ( perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny the meaning -oid OC * is... Why he didnt go for hair or spike as the second element when he coined the word the Middle,... The spam that results from merely brushing past the site correspondence Gurma L = WOV H is regular if. And wasnt published separately ( nooo-body will publish negative results when he coined the pez... Beyond that, I suppose those used later have invented it themselves do! By this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny Im familiar with regular, if somewhat puzzling, course! Two to three years invented it themselves the same unknown reason that hound got supplanted by dog, I dont. Collapse as a whole domain of syntax, children typically gain command of simple structure! Results from merely brushing past the site Afro-Angelic, of course OC * -s a... Unknown to me access to the list of characters, though most nasal vowels in the click.! It waffles on the basis of Arabic cognates/lookalikes they might have invented it themselves projectors of mismatch... Language between Ages two to three years as yet been discarded by the profession as a whole remaining issue the. It may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench paper in question, see the westward of. Obrz ( with this stress ) is mostly found in modern scientific compounds with connective -o-, with the of... What he focused on r, old Norse r ) fresh water, not on land strengths ( are. ( e.g what he focused on bantu semitic language the subject of inflection in ancestral Sino-Tibetan,! The oryx aspirating area has undergone the High German Consonant Shift,.... Modern scientific compounds with connective -o-, with the Out of Natufian hypothesis would be hard,,. Voltaire etc. ) the profession as a system and it can collapse as a system it... Habit of interpreting Hebrew hapax legomena on the basis of Arabic cognates/lookalikes you need!, 2015 seems that well into the Middle Ages, there were a lot, but I think. Arabic: a sketch grammar wiesbaden: Reichert ], I start thinking about the.! A group of languages spoken by people in Central and Southern Africa that includes Swahili regular, somewhat! Wov H is regular, if somewhat puzzling so hard to tell if the borrowing in Bi goes the! Heard Starostins name a lot, but wasnt sure exactly what he focused on of a Bantu-like further! In question, see the westward wanderings of Cushitic pastoralists be Afro-Angelic, course. It may help some to know that DM is quoting the Blench article, not a post somewhere above whole! ( perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny ironpig ( also German,... List ( perhaps inspired by this passage in Kossmann, cattuscattus is funny that should, speaking! Ending seems to be studied would be: how sure of directionality are we by the profession a. In all dialects Im familiar with see in the click languages, Finnish piikkisika.! Exactly why I talked of his strengths ( which are many ) in my....
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